The Legal Drinking Age Of The United States - 2408 Words

The Legal Drinking Age The legal drinking age in the United States is 21, while in other countries the legal age ranges from 16-18. The argument in the United States is, â€Å"Should the United States lower its drinking age?† There are many sides to this argument but research has given many good points to back up both sides of the question. First issue is the difference between a teen’s brain with alcohol and an adult’s brain with alcohol. Another concern is that drinking at a younger age can help teach culture. Lastly, the more alcohol that people are exposed to, there is an increase in death rate. I believe that it is a good idea to keep the legal drinking age at age 21 because in our past we have had many problems with increased deaths due to the drinking age being at different ages. My research used uses pathos, logos, ethos and kairos to help persuade the reader that 21 should stay the legal drinking age. First, one reason the drinking age is 21 is because the United States Mothers Against Drunk Driving program wants to make sure a teen’s brain develops to maturity in order for them to be able to drink alcohol. The argument that congress had in the 70’s was, â€Å"If young Americans could be entrusted to vote, serve on a jury and fight in Vietnam, why couldn t they order a beer?†(Griggs). If Americans are allowed to vote, fight in the wars and serve on jury all at the age of 18, what is the difference in them being able to go out and buy some alcohol? This side of the argumentShow MoreRelatedThe Legal Drinking Age Of The United States Essay1385 Words   |  6 Pagesbefore when they went out drinking. It is a common fact that most teenagers have had a drink of alcohol before their twenty-first birthday. Most teenagers drink regularly or in some cases, binge drink. Nobody can prevent underage drinking. When people tell a teenagers they cannot have something, it inc lines them to want it even more and teenagers will go to extreme lengths to obtain it. In 1984, Congress passed the law stating the legal drinking age in the United States was twenty-one (Alcoholism)Read MoreThe Legal Drinking Age Of The United States965 Words   |  4 Pages In the United States, when a man or women turn eighteen they are considered an adult. Being eighteen, they are not acknowledged as teenagers anymore. They have more freedom and more opportunities to become independent. Some of the opportunities an eighteen years old are given are the right to vote, open bank accounts, lease their own apartment or join the military. They have equal opportunities like adults over the age of twenty-one. However, anyone between the age of eighteen through twenty areRead MoreThe Legal Drinking Age Of The United States1270 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout the world, the age when a child becomes an adult is at the age 18. Most people gain the right to vote, start to work for themselves, drive in certain countries. All of this being said, an additional privilege is the ability for one to be able to legally drink. The United States is one of the only countries who ´s legal drinking age is separate from the declared age of an official adult under the law. The idea of putting restrictions on a â€Å"legal† adult, makes the issue more complicatedRead MoreThe Legal Drinking Age Of The United States Essay1500 Words   |  6 PagesThe legal drinking age in the United States was ruled to be 21 in 1984, setting the country apart from almost all other western nations. These past 30 years have contained as much problems regarding the consumption of alcohol as one of the country’s biggest failures ever, the 18th amendment, otherwise known as prohibition. Also, the legal drinking age in the United States can be considered violation of states liberties, as the national government, albeit with good intentions, has intervened and onlyRead MoreThe Legal Drinking Age Of The United States1479 Words   |  6 Pages The legal drinking age in the United States has been argued for many decades. The current minimal legal drinking age is twenty-one but some want to lower between eighteen and twenty. The main focus of the research conducte d and opinions of people are based on the minimal legal drinking age of eighteen. The research is taken from the 1970s, when the twenty-sixth Amendment was passed in the Constitution (Wagenaar, 206). It was stated that eighteen is the â€Å"age of majority†, so thirty-nine of theRead MoreThe Legal Drinking Age Of The United States920 Words   |  4 Pages The legal drinking age has always been a debatable topic that people argue about all the time. Alcohol has been a drug problem for the majority of our young adults all around the world. The goal is to decrease the effects of underage drinking In the United States by keeping the legal drinking law 21. Every state had the right to their own legal drinking age, therefore during the 1970 1980’s some states had 21 while others had 18. This problem was carried over when teenagers got behindRead MoreThe Legal Drinking Age Of The United States1345 Words   |  6 PagesWith food, there comes a variety of cultural di fferences with beverages. One of the most popular drink markets in the United States is energy drinks. This industry has grown significantly in the past ten years, and many of the companies are household names, such as Red Bull, Monster, and Rockstar Energy. While they have mainstream success in the United States, many countries look down on these products because of their use of certain supplements, such as excess amounts of caffeine of taurine. SomeRead MoreThe Legal Drinking Age Of The United States1783 Words   |  8 PagesPersuasive-Research Essay The legal drinking age in the United States is 21, while in other countries the legal age ranges from 16-18. The argument in the United States is â€Å"Should the United States lower its drinking age?† There are many sides to this argument but research has given many good points to back up both sides of the question. First thing is the difference between a teen’s brain with alcohol and an adult’s brain with alcohol. Another thing is drinking at a younger age can help teach culture.Read MoreThe Legal Drinking Age For The United States Government Essay1196 Words   |  5 Pagesmultiple policies that should be taken into high consideration for the United States government. However, one specific topic that needs to be addressed is the legal drinking age. As of now, the legal drinking age in America is 21. To some residents, this law is considerably reasonable. To others, having the drinking age of 21 seems unnecessary for multiple reasons. Most people would agree th at having the current drinking age allows for more responsible teens and young adults. Yet in most cases, thisRead MoreThe Legal Drinking Age At The United States Of America1698 Words   |  7 Pagesthe legal age to drink alcoholic beverages in the United States of America. Some otherwise intelligent people want to lower the legal drinking age to eighteen rather than keep it at twenty-one, the current federally mandated drinking age. In Time Magazine Mary Cary, author of Time to Lower the Drinking Age, puts forth the position that lowering the drinking age would actually be beneficial to society. Though lowering the drinking age to eighteen may lead to solutions to underage drinking, many

How Divorce Impacts Children Under the Age of 18 - 2153 Words

How Divorce Impacts Children Under the Age of 18 F. Jeanpierre Psychology Abstract In this research you will see how divorce impacts children under the age of 18. The effects are not universal. Divorce affects children differently based on their age, personality and sexuality. Divorce affects children both mentally and physically. In this research, you will see how divorce can impact children immediately as well as post divorce. I will start with infants, preschool age children, school-aged and then adolescents. Then you will see how divorce affects children spiritually. Furthermore, you will see how the affect of divorce varies based on the childs gender. Finally, in this research paper, you will see ways to help a child†¦show more content†¦Adolescence is filled with physical and emotional changes, along with ones search for their identity. Divorce during this time can have a strong affect on an adolescent who is still trying to find themselves. Teenagers need to have a secure foundation to grow and mature, but divorce can alter that. A child or tee n should not have to think about their parents lives. Divorce can be very unsettling; changing the primary relationship between adolescent and adult. Divorce may change the child or teens relationship with extended family members. For a child or teen, divorce is a hard situation to deal with. As one teenager said when asked what divorce is; â€Å"It is like having your whole life flushed down a toilet and as it swirls downward you are powerless to do anything about it†. Spiritual Effect In the United States (U.S.), the divorce rate for first marriages is about 50 percent and for second marriages its about 60 percent. An estimated one million American children live through the divorce of their parents every year. For those estimated one million American children, in general, they will have a more difficult time with religion and a relationship with God. Those children often describe themselves as spiritual or as involved in organized religion as others, but the truth is that they are more often far less involve in organized religion activities. Children of divorce may have a hard time understanding God. OftenShow MoreRelatedWhat Are The Positive And Negative Consequences Of Divorce On Child Development?1626 Words   |  7 Pagessay goodbye†: What are the positive and negative consequences of divorce on child development? Introduction In this 21st century the family concept is continuiously changing dynamic, there can be two males or two females as parents. Parents that are going through divorce or an increase in marital dissolution are often concerned about the effect that it will have on their children. They wonder if they are sacrificing their childrens health and happiness for their own selfish needs. Majority of scholarlyRead MoreA Case for Shared Parenting1644 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿A Case for Shared Parenting As a child of divorced parents growing up the in the nineties in New York City, I was hardly a minority. Approximately half of all kids my age had divorced parents and it generally wasnt considered strange or a big deal. From this pool of divorced kids whose parents had divorced for a variety of reasons, there was one thing they all had in common, as far as I knew, the majority of custody had been granted to the mothers in nearly all of the situations. This has generallyRead MoreShould Reforms Laws Makef It Harder for a Divorce? Essay877 Words   |  4 Pageshard to get a legal divorce even if couples were unhappy. Courts would not dissolve a marriage without proof of misconduct. Today marriage educators, domestic violence experts, social workers, law makers and scholars are trying various ways to resolve marriage crisis through counseling, while divorce rates are still climbing yearly. Making it harder to obtain a divorce can have devastating effects long term emotionally, financ ially and physically, and socially on the children and adults as well.Read MoreDivorce And Its Effects On Children1296 Words   |  6 Pages50% of all the children born to married parents today, will experience the divorce of their parents’ before they are eighteen years old. Divorce in and of itself doesn’t necessarily harm a child, but the conflict between parents does. A child’s behavior correlates directly with the effects of their parents’ separation. Deep emotional wounds are created before, during, and after divorce and separation. It is rare that you find a child that actually wants their parents to separate, unless the marriageRead MoreSame-sex marriage debate. An essay AGAINST same sex marriages.773 Words   |  3 Pagestimes marriage was altered, was when no-fault divorce was legalised. No-fault divorce was introduced, and it has proven to be a complete disaster for children and often for the adults involved. Statistics now show that 53% of m arriages end in divorce. And now, we find ourselves gambling yet again with an institution that is foundational to the well-being of our children and a healthy society. The same argument once made in support of no-fault divorce, This will not affect good marriages and healthyRead MoreEssay about Social Work and Child Development1704 Words   |  7 PagesIt wasn’t until the time of Sigmund Freud that people looked at the psyches of an individual and what kind of impact that could have on that individual’s life. Before that time, children were seen as extra farm hands and generally as cheap labor. Families did not look at how the children were treated and the possible impact on their development. Later, Erikson and Piaget furthered the study of development and expanded the road that Freud had pioneered. While all consider Freud the father of psychoanalyticRead More The Effect of Divorce on Childrens Learning and Behavior Essay1532 Words   |  7 PagesThe Effect of Divorce on Childrens Learning and Behavior The effect of divorce on children?s learning and behavior is a major problem in todays society. Everyday, children everywhere deal with this issue. Nowhere is this displayed more prevalently than in our schools. Divorce hurts children more than parents realize. By the time they turn 18, approximately fifty to sixty percent of all children in the United States have been affected by divorce (Miller, 1). Divorce-related problems (eRead MoreMarriages Decline902 Words   |  4 PagesMarriages decline, divorces climb as families evolve into 21st century By William Harms   News Office The American family, which has undergone a major transformation in the past generation, is poised to change even more in the coming century. Households continue to diverge from the traditional family-structure model of a stay-at-home mother, working father and children, according to a new report from the National Opinion Research Center. Because of divorce, cohabitation and single parenthoodRead MoreThe Sacred Bond of Divorce. An Analysis of What Marriage Has Become1562 Words   |  7 Pagesthroughout the centuries marriage has become so diluted that it has lost its meaning. I would like to discuss in this paper why marriage is just something that has become another step in life and people leap in and don’t even think twice about it. How marriage at one point in time was arranged for money, social standing, and power, and love came after. We as American’s believe in the freedom of speech, and I believe we took it to the next level and started marrying out of love. Then it became theRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd ) Essay1530 Words   |  7 Pagesthe most prevalent childhood disease in North America today. According to the latest research, the number of children being diagnosed is sky rocketing. Autism is affecting more and more children and two of them are mine. This issue is close to home for me, and because knowledge is power, I decided it would be a great opportunity to learn more about this disorder. As a parent of children with autism, at times I take it day by day, I don t want to see the future, but am prepared for today. At times

Operational Risk Packaging & IT Service

Question: Discuss about the Case study that Starbucks should outsource its packaging IT service as it will not hurt the position of Starbucks? Answer: Introduction: In 1971, Starbucks entered the coffee market. Offering high quality beverages (coffee tea) other supplementary eatables like pastries, cakes, etc., is its forte (GLOVER, 2015). Thus, the core competency of Starbucks lies in providing various coffee variances to the consumers. Its product is standardized by the following: Transparency in providing the goods or services. Automating dealings to accomplish its standards. Doing away with extraneous methods (Heizer and Render, 2013). Doing away with product or service processes that are unnecessary. Eliminating ambiguity in its production process. It is to be noted that when the above four conditions are fulfilled, Starbucks can outsource its services or products. Value added: When the consumers of Starbucks get both psychological satiety monetary justice, it is called value added proposition. Value added pertains to some added enhancements that any large or small organizations offer to its consumers. Presently, the goods provided by organizations are homogeneous and identical (Heizer and Render, 2013). In some homogenous products, there is differentiation. It means the consumers have the power to choices homogenous product of various organization. Therefore, value added scheme can hike a product's value, or it can hike the products prices. For example if Starbucks provides a sandwich with Arabica coffee, it is a value added scheme for a customer. Outsourcing: Cost saving is rendered by outsourcing. Many circumstances foster outsourcing. These circumstances are given below. Because it becomes necessary for an organization to outsource. To earn profitability (Krajewski, Ritzman and Malhotra, 2013). Non-feasibility to produce good internally. Starbucks can attain competitive advantage' over its competitors like Dunkin' Donuts and Krispy Kreme by outsourcing. Rationale for outsourcing: Mainly for two reasons an organization does outsourcing. The reasons are as below. The annual selling rate declines by outsourcing. Costs incurred is less (Reid and Sanders, 2013). Outsourcing can do customer retention. An example can be cited of SITEL. SITEL and many other organizations have opted to collaborate for retaining their customer. Many agents represented them. They offer incentives for the customers and thus, keep them onboard. Operational performance: Internal and external operational performances of organizations are needed to be measured from time to time. How well the organizations perform is measured by dint of operational performances (Reid and Sanders, 2013). For determining the operational performances of Starbucks, some factors are needed to be taken into consideration. These factors are given below: The decision to outsource by Starbucks. Starbucks' sales performances for all months of the year. Starbucks' policy terminations and Starbucks' expense ratio. Outsourcing decision by Starbucks' operations manager: Firstly, the factors like "feasibility" and "profitability" needs to be taken into consideration by Starbucks' operations manager before outsourcing its products. Secondly, the operations manager of Starbucks needs to see that their operational performance does not drop due to outsourcing. If the operational performance is high but outsourcing is strategically unessential, outsourcing is never feasible for Starbucks (Nordmeyer, 2015). The decision to outsource Starbucks goods or services relies on many factors. These factors are as follows: The economy of the geographical territory, where Starbucks will outsource its products, is needed to be analyzed. The price set by other competitors needs to be analyzed. The demand schedule for the products to be outsourced is needed to be analyzed. The demographic ingredients like age, gender, community needs to be analyzed. More precisely, which age group prefers what kind of coffee is needed to be analyzed (Nordmeyer, 2015). The demand conditions are needed to be analyzed by the operations manager of Starbucks. It means to see how much of the Starbuck product is demanded in a particular area by its inhabitants (Stevenson, 2012). The Decision logic matrix for outsourcing: Quadrant one: High Process Complexity + Dynamics with low strategic importance: Here Starbucks should outsource although its elementary business objective isnt supportive. This task is highly demanding. This task can be justified by manual interventions (Harmon, 2011). Higher capitals is required if Starbucks adopts automation. Because immediate and spontaneous changes of Starbucks products and services needs capital. Starbucks has to provide training to its workers if different types of coffee are kept in house (Investopedia, 2007). Quadrant two: Low Process Complexity+ Dynamics with low strategic importance: In this grouping, lower costs are incurred. This is because of three reasons; products or services to be outsourced shall not impact business objectives of Starbucks; instant and or immediate changes are not required; expertise is not indispensable in this stage. If there happens to be problems of space, then outsourcing is required to be done (Jiwani, 2015). Outsourcing is definitely necessitated if investments are not present. Quadrant three: Low Process Complexity + Dynamics with high strategic importance: This combination is crucial for Starbucks to be successful. At this stage, off cost is incurred. These costs in turn induce fewer costs which is minor in nature. Automation needs to be opted when volume of coffee is huge for Starbucks. To attain economies of scale, Starbucks is required to do so. Here, lower prices are tagged to various products of coffee (Nordmeyer, 2015). Packaging plus branding processes could be outsourced if resources arent dearer. Quadrant four: High Process Complexity + Dynamics with high strategic importance: Decisions here lie at the nub of businesses. In house workers perform jobs as guided by the operations manager of Starbucks. Training as well as motivation is the two balusters which are needed for in house employees. In this quadrant, product changes. The Five Performance Objectives: The five performance objectives influencing the outsourcing or keeping products in-house are as follows: Speed (Graeme, 2010). Flexibility and In-house Quality: If coffee is outsourced by Starbucks, its quality may be compromised. Thus, keeping coffee in-house is the best option for Starbucks (Stevenson, 2012). Outsource Quality: If coffee is kept in-house, Starbucks can enhance it even more as brewing coffee is its core competency. Internal dependability: Keeping their values intact, when the workers of Starbucks can deliver their products or services "on-time", it refers to internal dependability. Timely delivery of goods saves the costs. Thus, internal dependability alludes to dependability upon the workers of Starbucks (Stevenson, 2012). External dependability: Consumers shall depend upon Starbucks if Starbucks keeps its promise regarding its products. It creates an external dependability by the customers. Thus, consumer retention is external dependability's criterion. In-house Dependability: If Starbucks outsources coffee, it needs to depend upon the third party outsourcer. As such there will be a time lag if any consumer wants coffee at a stipulated time. This will mean time lag in internal dependability (Stevenson, 2012). Time is undesirable by customers. Thus, customer retention may be problematic from after. So, coffee needs to be kept in-house by Starbucks. Outsource Dependability: As there is external dependability of the customers, coffee should be kept in-house. Speed in turn refers to two aspects, internal external. From the external perspective, speed is pivotal because the quick response to consumer demand can be done. The consumers view speed as a positive criterion. Customers shall return induce more business if Starbucks' speed is high. If the speed of Starbucks' delivery is more than its rivals, it can charge a hiked price from the consumers. The other angle of speed is its internal aspect (Stevenson, 2012). Reduction of costs is connected with the internal aspect of speed. A speed induces lesser costs in two manners; by risks reduction by inventories reduction. This aspect of speed applies to the service operations. A fast throughput of information and consumers means that the costs are abridged. When materials, consumers and information in the system hang around for much time, there is a slower throughput of speed. Thus, the above can get lost or be damaged. It affects the dependability performance of Starbucks. The knowledge abo ut speed is specialized on a part of Starbucks. The operational performance of speed is superior. Thus, improvements may not be needed. In-house Speed: When the operations manager of Starbucks keeps the most important process of Starbucks in-house, its delivery speed is controllable. Outsourcing Speed: If Starbucks' workers engage themselves in another task rather than their discrete tasks, the delivery speed shall be hampered. If they get engaged in packaging or IT job of Starbucks, speed will get hampered (Stevenson, 2012). It will be a diversion from Starbucks' core competency that is brewing quality coffee. From the external viewpoint, varied flexibility allows operations to produce a wider gamut of goods for Starbucks. Thus, NPD (new products development) is done by flexibility (Stevenson, 2012). From the internal point of view, flexibility is connected with the performance objectives. Flexibility is speeded up by responses of the workers. Thus, time gets saved, therefore, costs. Flexibility helps in maintaining the dependability performance (Stevenson, 2012). Starbucks is flexible in its approach. The operational performance is fine. Thus, no improvement is required. In-house Flexibility: NPD shall not be feasible if the core products are outsourced by the operations manager of Starbucks. Thus, the in-house workers cannot develop the products further. Thus, Starbucks will lose its position in the market (Stevenson, 2012). Outsourcing Flexibility: The NPD creations as per the consumers' preference are called flexibility. Creating variances from coffee (input) is important for Starbucks. But if coffee is outsourced, the variances can be created as per consumers' preference. Thus, keeping coffee in-house is feasible for Starbucks. In-house Cost: From a strategic viewpoint, coffee is Starbucks' core competency. It does not matter what costs are incurred. Thus, coffee is required to be kept in-house by the operations manager of Starbucks. Outsourcing Cost: If the packaging IT services is outsourced, it will cost less for Starbucks. On the hind side, maintaining the equated service for IT by the in-house' workers will meet great difficulties. It is because Starbucks' forte is quality coffee. If all tasks are performed by Starbucks like RD, distribution, procurement, IT service and marketing, it will lose its core competencies. Hence, the costs incurred will be more (Stevenson, 2012). In turn, Starbucks will need to pass these extra costs to the customers. As such, the finished products or services of Starbucks will cost more. Thus, consumers will leave Starbucks for some other cheap FB organizations. Thus, if IT and packaging is outsourced, the fixed costs will get converted to the variable costs. Keeping Products In-House Benefits STARBUCKS could carve a niche for itself in the FB sector. High yield coffee is the forte of Starbucks. It has a large consumer base that consumes coffee and tea. Thus, the five performance objectives are justified on the part of the consumers (Hill and Hill, 2012). If Starbucks outsources tea coffee, it will avert from its core competencies. The third party may not justify the five performance objectives on behalf of Starbucks. Thus, tea coffee should be kept in-house. Outsourcing Benefits: STARBUCKS is not an adept packaging manufacturing or IT service provider. So, the finest IT service could be provided by the business house that is proficient in the IT industry. Thus, the five performances objective of the IT Company cannot be harmonized by Starbucks. For example, qualified IT organizations, say, Unisys could assist a great deal in outsourcing Starbucks' IT service. Thus, the Starbucks human resources can focus on their core competencies i.e. coffee. Thus, Starbucks should outsource its IT service packaging (Hill and Hill, 2012). Risk: An operations manager's process of decision making involves some risks. The manner in which decisions are made may not be appropriate or accurate (Blunden, 2015). It is because decisions may be favorable or unfavorable. Decisions are favorable when customers are retained, the profit margin rises, the business expands and there are hikes in sales. Decisions are unfavorable when the demand for products drops, there is consumer attrition, and when losses are incurred (Gaudenzi and Borghesi, 2012). Strategic planning can minimize the risks. The strategic planning may means setting goals or objectives and gathering information. Decision making process reducing risks: Firstly, identifying the risks. Secondly, understanding the risks. It will help in risk minimization (Hopkin, 2012). Thirdly, specifying methods to identify risks. Fourthly, systemizing the specific methods. It will help to analyze the risks (Steve, 2015). Starbucks is required to evaluate the quality of the operations manager. It is because if tasks are judiciously not monitored by him, then mistakes may evolve. Thus, mistakes give rise to risks. Thus, risks can be minimized by him (Urbanik, 2015). Recommendation: To transfer some part of Starbucks facilities to the third-party suppliers rather than doing tasks manually. Unless it hurts Starbucks' core competencies, IT packaging can be outsourced. Conclusion: The operations manager of Starbucks is important personnel. The decision to outsource depends on him. We can infer from the study that Starbucks should outsource its packaging IT service as it will not hurt the position of Starbucks. References: Blunden, T. (2015).Operational Risk (3): Risk Control Assessments - Chase Cooper. [online] Chasecooper.com. Available at: https://www.chasecooper.com/press-release/published/102-operational-risk-3-risk-a-control-assessments.html [Accessed 22 Jul. 2015]. Gaudenzi, B. and Borghesi, A. (2012).Risk management. Milan: Springer. GLOVER, K. (2015).Starbucks, Dunkin' Donuts, McDonald's: Coffee Rivals Fight Breakfast War. [online] Cbsnews.com. Available at: https://www.cbsnews.com/news/starbucks-dunkin-donuts-mcdonalds-coffee-rivals-fight-breakfast-war/ [Accessed 7 Aug. 2015]. Graeme, L. (2010).Big Five. [online] Aesthetica Technica. Available at: https://graelaws.wordpress.com/today-is-tomorrows-yesterday-so-do-not-delay-just-do-it-now/energising/empowerment/operations-and-process/operations-performance-objectives-the-big-5/ [Accessed 22 Jul. 2015]. Harmon, P. (2011).Process/Strategy Matrix for Outsourcing Decisions in Business Management | Highn's Journal. [online] Highn.me. Available at: https://highn.me/processstrategy-matrix-for-outsourcing-decisions-in-business-management/ [Accessed 22 Jul. 2015]. Heizer, J. and Render, B. (2013).Operations management. Boston: Pearson Education Ltd. Hill, A. and Hill, T. (2012).Operations management. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. Hopkin, P. (2012).Fundamentals of risk management. London: Kogan Page. Jiwani, A. (2015).5 Performance Objectives. [online] prezi.com. Available at: https://prezi.com/e9boy6oyvgvs/5-performance-objectives/ [Accessed 22 Jul. 2015]. Klijn, F., Schweckendiek, T., Klijn, F. and Schweckendiek, T. (2013).Comprehensive flood risk management. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. Krajewski, L., Ritzman, L. and Malhotra, M. (2013).Operations management. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson. Nordmeyer, B. (2015).Objectives of Operational Performance. [online] Small Business - Chron.com. Available at: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/objectives-operational-performance-77937.html [Accessed 22 Jul. 2015]. North, G. (2011).The Logic of Outsourcing :: The Market Oracle :: Financial Markets Analysis Forecasting Free Website. [online] Marketoracle.co.uk. Available at: https://www.marketoracle.co.uk/Article26415.html [Accessed 22 Jul. 2015]. Reducing risks., (2015). [online] Available at: https://www.hse.gov.uk/risk/theory/r2p2.pdf [Accessed 22 Jul. 2015]. Reid, R. and Sanders, N. (2013).Operations management. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons. Steve, W. (2015).Risk Mitigation Applied to Decision Making. [online] Available at: https://www.bpa.gov/power/pg/NW-HydroOperators-Forum/2012/Applying_Risk_Mitigation_to_Decision_Making_Session_6-Steve_Wenke.pdf [Accessed 22 Jul. 2015]. Stevenson, W. (2012).Operations management. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Urbanik, S. (2015).Risk Reduction Decision Making. [online] Available at: https://www.cresp.org/RASDMU/Presentations/09_Urbanik_CRESP-DuPont-SAU.pdf [Accessed 22 Jul. 2015].

Hamlet Laertes An Important Character In Play Essay Example For Students

Hamlet: Laertes An Important Character In Play Essay Hamlet: Laertes An Important Character In PlayThough seeming to simply be a minor character, Laertes is of greatimportance in the play, Hamlet, and much more than one would initially believe,due to his extensive inner conflict. He is good, loyal, and honourable, seemingto possess the greatest virtue of all the characters, yet he still is doomed todie along with the other characters, precisely because of his great virtue. As Scene Two begins, in the first lines which Laertes speaks in the play,he requests that King Claudius allow him to return to his duties in France. Thisis important from the viewpoint that it demonstrates his dislike for the Kingand his wish to be away from the questionable circumstances of his marriage andsubsequent ascension to the throne, a wise decision, and an attempt to remainapart and above the world, as the Greek superman is seen to gain immortalityby doing, though Laertes does have personal feelings in the matter, unlike thetrue Stoic, thus his attempt is a failure, though a noble one. As Scene Three begins, Laertes is speaking with his sister, Ophelia,about her relationship with Hamlet, and warning her to Weigh what loss yourhonour may sustain,/ If with too credent ear you list his songs, (1.3.29) elseshe lose her virtue to Prince Hamlet. This exemplifies his loyalty and love forhis family, and especially his sister, though she replies to his warnings andadvice with the sarcastic reply to do not Show me the steep and thorny way toheaven,/ Whilst, like a puffed and reckless libertine,/ Himself the primrosepath of dalliance treads/ And recks not his own rede. (1.3.47) Following this,Ophelia and Laertes father, Polonius, enters, and Laertes departs with a finalwarning to Ophelia. Soon after Laertes departs, Polonius meets with Reynaldo, and instructshim to bring money for Laertes, but first to spy on him and to make sure that hestays out of trouble. It seems that it would be difficult for Laertes to notknow of this messengers second duty as spy, as it is mentioned in the text Youmust not put another scandal on him, (2.1.29), implying that this has happenedbefore, somehow. From this, one could feel that Laertes expects this from hisscheming, plotting, underhanded father, he still goes along with it, andharbours great love for the old man, as is shown on Laertes return to England. While Laertes is off in France, however, Polonius is killed by Hamlet,the Queen recalling that he Whips out his rapier, cries A rat, a rat!(4.1.10), implying that Polonius is indeed a rat, in the most underhanded anddemeaning sense of the word. Then, Ophelia goes mad the same night as Laertesreturns to Denmark, with an armed mob shouting for him to take the throne,though he finds it against his honour to take the throne from Claudius by force,and only wishes to find what has become of his father. Though Polonius was spying on him, and Laertes most likely was aware ofhis fathers ways, he still feels great love for the old man, and desires onlyrevenge for the wrongful death of his kin. He declares that he will repay hisfriends, and have vengeance on those who are his enemies. To this, King Claudiusreplies Why, now you speak/ Like a good child(4.5.143), and though he finishesthe statement with and a gentleman, the implication is left that Laertes islike a child, rushing headlong into the unknown, the first implication ofLaertes own tragic flaw. Directly after this is said, Ophelia enters, andLaertes, further incensed at the fate of his remaining family, cries out Byheaven, thy madness shall be paid with weight,/ Till our scale turn the beam. .u4e82b0209b9398e001729b522d251ac6 , .u4e82b0209b9398e001729b522d251ac6 .postImageUrl , .u4e82b0209b9398e001729b522d251ac6 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4e82b0209b9398e001729b522d251ac6 , .u4e82b0209b9398e001729b522d251ac6:hover , .u4e82b0209b9398e001729b522d251ac6:visited , .u4e82b0209b9398e001729b522d251ac6:active { border:0!important; } .u4e82b0209b9398e001729b522d251ac6 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4e82b0209b9398e001729b522d251ac6 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4e82b0209b9398e001729b522d251ac6:active , .u4e82b0209b9398e001729b522d251ac6:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4e82b0209b9398e001729b522d251ac6 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4e82b0209b9398e001729b522d251ac6 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4e82b0209b9398e001729b522d251ac6 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4e82b0209b9398e001729b522d251ac6 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4e82b0209b9398e001729b522d251ac6:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4e82b0209b9398e001729b522d251ac6 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u4e82b0209b9398e001729b522d251ac6 .u4e82b0209b9398e001729b522d251ac6-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4e82b0209b9398e001729b522d251ac6:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Teen Suicide Essay(4.5.152), this line being an implication of the scales being thrown out ofbalance, and further attesting to Laertes impending doom. At this point in the story, Laertes has followed his loyalty, love, andhonour to the decisive point, and the scales have tipped off balance. He hastried the Stoic way, similar to Horatio, of staying totally apart, but hasfailed in this attempt, and he now tries to take the other end of the spectrum,to balance his previous inaction with the action of vengeance, and revenge. Hemakes a plan with Claudius to poison Hamlet during a fencing match, and evenbrings his own poison with which to anoint his swords blade, another stone onthe scales, tipping them too far to the other end of the spectrum, and thusunbalancing them again. Seemingly to drive this unbalancing in, Ophelia suddenlydrowns for no discernible reason, and Laertes forces down his grief, and afterLaertes leaves, King Claudius says How much I had to do to calm his rage!/ NowI fear it will start again; (4.7.193), showing that even the other charactersare realizing that Laertes has become unbalanced, so to speak. In the following scene, during the burying of Ophelia, Laertes hasbecome so inflamed that he threatens that the priest will go to hell while hisbeloved sister is in heaven, and then he nearly strangles Hamlet while they areboth standing virtually on top of Ophelias corpse, in the grave! If there wasstill any question of Laertes flaw, it has again been shown that his virtueshave driven him past the edge. When the final half begins of Act Five, Scene Two, Hamlet and Laertesare ready for the fencing match, and Hamlet begs forgiveness for alltransgressions against his foe. Laertes, knowing fully that Hamlet is doomed todie because of Laertes deal with Polonius, forgives Hamlet and has the perfectway out, and the perfect chance to balance the scales, but, due to his greatdesire for vengeance he goes on with the match, and the plan to kill Hamlet,effectively closing all routes of retreat. Once Laertes has poisoned Hamlet, Hamlet Laertes, and Queen Gertrude hasdrunk from the poisoned cup, however, Laertes honour finally takes control, andhe admits his guilt, and tells all of the kings plot to kill Hamlet, eventhough it does no good. The scales are broken. Laertes enhances the message of consistency in the play, through theextremes of his own actions. He shows that all the qualities of the charactersare akin to standing on a ball, and the more one leans to one extreme or theother, without totally jumping off the ball, the more momentum is gained, andthe more force is needed to offset the rolling of the ball, which is just aslikely to send on spinning at a greater speed in the other direction! The onlytwo examples of characters who have gotten off the ball are Horatio andFortinbras. Horatio being the extreme neutrality of Stoicism, his inactionleading to his not becoming caught up in the events, since he is merely anobserver, and Fortinbras is action taken to just as far of an extreme, he has noindecision or change of heart, and he is able to pass by and over all thatstands in his way. Laertes tries both ways, but since he cannot decide whichpath to take, he exemplifies the metaphor to its fullest, only getting off theball after it has passed over the cliff. Seeing his error and the path tosuccess, he cannot go back, and is doomed, learning-as do all other characterswho cannot stay with their path-that indecision is the true enemy. English

Multi-draft narrative of Mr Nobody Essay Example

Multi-draft narrative of Mr Nobody Paper Directed and written by Jack Van Dermal, Mr.. Nobody is a brilliant film that portrays the timeless theme of lifes choices and possibilities in a refreshing and dazzling manner. Despite the complex and unconventional narrative structure of the plot, Dermal demonstrates his extraordinary skills of storytelling through presenting to the audience a magnificent film with a form more complicated than Tom Testers Run Lola Run and a theme broader than Peter Hotpots primary focus on love in Sliding Doors. This essay will analyze how the the seven key conventions defined by Borrowed (2002) are defied by or applied on the films multi-draft narrative. The film begins with a montage showing four deaths of Memo at the age of 34him lying in morgue, him drowning in his car under water, him being shot in the bathtub, and him waking in an explosion of a space shuttle. The quick scenes are then closely followed by 118-year-old Memo waking up in 2092, looking as if he is confused over his own past. His memory appears to have paused in 2009 as he claims to be 34 years old. With the help of his doctor, Memo begins to recount his whole life right room the start. We will write a custom essay sample on Multi-draft narrative of Mr Nobody specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Multi-draft narrative of Mr Nobody specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Multi-draft narrative of Mr Nobody specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer These parts of Memos story, his childhood and old age, are in a somewhat linear narration. The voice-over of young Memo explains that the unborn children know everything about the past and future until the Angels of Oblivion place a finger on their lips and make them forget. Being missed by the angels, Memo chooses his own parents and comes to the world knowing everything. He knows, from the very beginning, that certain things are meant to be. He also ponders upon existence and the irreversibility of time, which are brought up in the later parts of the elm over and over. At the age of 9, Memo realizes the difficulty of choosing and faces the first crossroad of his life, from which point the film complicates into a multi-draft narrative. We cannot go back. Thats why its hard to choose. You have to make the right choice. As long as you dont choose, everything remains possible. With that in mind, little Memo chooses not to make a choice between two kinds of dessert or among three of his future partners. The audiences see Memo marrying all three of them at the similar age but in different lives. All parallel narrative begins when Memo faces the most critical decision of his lifedeciding which parent he should live with after their separation. This can be seen as the first branching point of Memos lives. Memo marries three women, Anna, Elise and Jean, has different Jobs and dies in different incidents all in similar age, indicating that the film conforms to Bordellos fifth convention: forking paths often run parallel. In the first narrative, Memo follows his mother and falls in love with Anna. Choosing to stay with his father in the second ND third narratives, Memo falls for Elise and Jean respectively. In one of these two narratives Memo writes his own novel about traveling towards Mars on a shuttle, which makes the fourth narrative. Each of these forking paths is linear on its own, keeping to Bordellos first convention: each path, after it diverges, adheres to a strict In these parallel narratives, Memo keeps changing the courses whenever he encounters unpleasant incidences, such as the several deaths mentioned above. For example, in the second narrative, Memo falls in love with Elise who does not return is affection. Heartbroken, he gets into a horrible bike accident and becomes paralyzed. Yet as soon as the viceroy says Vive got to get out of here. Go back. Before the accident, the audiences watch the accident rewind and Memo making a slightly different decision then eventually marrying the girl of his dreams. The protagonist defies death and reverses time. Here, the film adheres to the sixth convention: the forking paths presuppose the previous ones, as Memo makes the wiser choice in the second narrative. On the whole, Memo wants to reinvent his own life while the doctor and the interviewer aim to make sense of Memos stories and find out which of them is true. In this sense, it can be said that the characters of Mr. Nobody are somewhat goal- oriented. Everything you say is contradictory. You cant have been in one place and another at the same time. Of all those lives, which one is the right one? asks the interviewer. This line shows that the film is self-reflective as it is clearly aware of the nature of its unconventional narrative. The forking paths of Memo consist of recurrent characters and background conditions across the different lines of action (Waded, 2009) which is Bordellos third convention. For instance, whichever path Memo takes, he always runs into Anna, the woman who loves him as much as he does her. Not only does it show the intersection of the multiplicity, it also highlights the love theme of the filmone cannot possibly be happy with someone if the affection is not mutual. That is why Memo is not happy with either Elise or Jean. As Memo changes the course of his lives repeatedly, the audiences could not help but ender which fragment is his real life and whether the things he says are true at all, especially when all his alternative lives literally collide together towards the end of Memos recollection. In the narrative where he stays with his dad, marries but loses Elise to an accident, Memo escapes the death of drowning that he would have had in another narrative, but is told by his neighbor that he is drowned. The Memo in yet another narrative who is typing in a house then finds himself in danger of drowning as the house is suddenly flooded with water. Multiple circular narratives merge into nee. Towards the end, the seemingly linear narrative of the entire film is broken down as 118-year-old Memo tells the interviewer that neither of them really exists, because they are only imagined by a nine year old child faced with an impossible choice. Memo eventually dies at the time he has predicted he would, but as soon as he does, time rewinds quickly all the way to his childhood, echoing with Memos earlier statement to his younger self, For me, time is inverted. I start at the end of the story and go toward the beginning and confirming that he has truly always known everything about the past as well as the future. The film ends, leaving its audiences In conclusion, Mr. Nobody complies with four out of seven key conventions of Bordellos, showing that it goes beyond traditional narrative norms. The narrative might be more closed than open in each single forking path, but it is definitely open in terms of the whole film. The mysteries of Memos life have not been solved, leaving the audiences with plenty information gaps and room for interpretation. Nonetheless, the director has made his point rather explicitly through Memos answer o the interviewers confusion, Each of these lives is the right one!

Legalization of Same Sex Marriages

Legalization of Same Sex Marriages Free Online Research Papers Legalizing same sex marriage, is it right or wrong? â€Å"In 2003 when the Massachusetts Supreme Court ruled that it was unconstitutional to ban a marriage between two individuals of the same sex† (www.uua.org, 2008) it sparked new controversies and debates all over the United States. This has sparked new issues to be raised in Congress to put into law that marriage would consist of a union between a man and a woman and not two genders of the same sex. This ruling has caused many states to pass state laws banning the union of the same sex and declaring it a violation of state law. â€Å"In 2008 California and Connecticut followed suit with Massachusetts and the Supreme Courts of these states stopped the ban on same-sex marriages.† (www.uua.org, 2008) With this taking place it has caused debates between Religious factors and liberals throughout the country. There are several public figures and non public figures that have an opinion on this issue. The people that are against the issue raise issues like children and the moral issue of the upbringing of the children and the impact that it will have on society for many it is a religious belief that in the bible it says that† a marriage is between a woman and a man for life.† (Matthew 19:6 Good Will Publishers, Inc, 1990) The Liberals have arguments for the marriage of same-sex couples argue mainly that Couples of any sex deserve to be married and have the safety and security that comes along with being married. They also state that it is good for America because the more married couples there are the more successful society will be. I will go into further explanations of the cases for and against same-sex marriages in the paragraphs to follow. In the following paragraphs I am going to present arguments for and against same-sex marriages and why they have such a strong opinion on whether it is right or wrong. I will end with my position on the issue and why I feel strongly about my stance on this issue. Three of the main arguments against same-sex marriage are that the legalization of same-sex marriage would quickly destroy the traditional family, that legalization of same-sex marriages will lead inexorably to polygamy and other alternatives to one man/one woman unions, and that it will hurt the raising of children because they have the right to start with a mother and a father and without one or the other the child is losing the relationship of having a mother and a father. I will now go into further explanation of each issue. ISSUE 1: Legalizing same-sex marriage would quickly destroy the traditional family. Dr. James Dobson position on this issue is that â€Å"same sex marriages cannot co-exist with a marriage between a woman and a man because they represent two opposite ends of the universe.† (Dobson, 2004) If the state was to sanction same-sex marriages it would give the younger generation unclear description of marriage. It would cause short term relationships and confusion about their sexuality, emotional bonding and sexual purity, understanding of lifelong commitments and the sanctity of marriage. It reduces marriage to a partnership not a lifelong commitment to one another under the eyes of God.† It is reduced to only the attractive benefits and sexual convince of a partnership.† (Dobson, 2004) ISSUE 2: Legalization of same-sex marriages will lead inexorably to polygamy and other alternatives to one man/one woman unions. People who practice polygamy are using this issue as a basis for them to legalize polygamy. They are arguing in court that the state must prove that polygamy is harmful to society instead of them proving that it is not. In court cases from polygamist in Utah are citing cases such as Lawrence vs. Texas as legal authority for their cases. â€Å"In the past for the definition of marriage we have fallen back on the foundation of tradition, legal precedent, theology and overwhelming support of the people.† (Dobson, 2004) If we were to allow same-sex marriages it would open the door for other types of marriages like a marriage of two men and five women or one man and ten women. If a court decides to allow the marriage of same sex couples it â€Å"will open the meaning of marriage up to anything that is doable by civil rights and destroy the legal underpinning of marriage.† (Dobson, 2004) ISSUE 3: Same-sex marriage and parenting. The main concern today is, what would same-sex marriage due to children. They pose the issue that every child has the right to start out life with one mother and one father and to take that away from them would be detrimental to their emotional well being. There is no research on what same-sex marriages would do to the future generations of children. â€Å"No society at any time has ever raised a generation of children in same-sex homes. Same-sex marriage will subject a generation of children to the status of lab rats in a vast untested social experiment.†(Stanton) (Bohan, 2008) In foresight there has not been enough research done on the gender preference of children raised in same sex marriages. Children raised in same sex marriages do not have the upbringing of what is proper to society or what it is like to have both a mother and father and the moral upbringing that this would provide. In arguments for legalization of same sex marriages they argue that denying them is a violation of religious freedom (civil and religious marriages are two separate institutions), marriage benefits (such as joint ownership, medical decision-making capacity) should be available to all couples, and denying these marriages is a form of minority discrimination. ISSUE 1: Denying them is a violation of religious freedom (civil and religious marriages are two separate institutions). People in favor of allowing same-sex marriages argue that the concept of a marriage being only between a man and a woman is a religious belief and they believe that homosexuality is a sin. If government starts passing laws based on this reason then they are going against the â€Å"First Amendment of the Constitution because it clearly states that a persons religious views or lack thereof must be protected. â€Å" (Messerli, 2008) In this issue they are raising their civil rights to chose to believe in the religious text or not. ISSUE 2: Marriage benefits (such as joint ownership, medical decision-making capacity) should be available to all couples. Homosexual couples argue that they should have access to all the benefits that a heterosexual couples do. They believe that they should be able to have the tax filing benefits, joint ownership of property, insurance benefits, and be able to make critical medical decisions for the other partner. They also state that marriage is more than a legal status. ISSUE 3: Denying these marriages is a form of minority discrimination. Homosexual couples argue that denying them the privilege to be married is going against the Bill of rights that ensures equal protection and that the rights of minorities should be protected. They argue that denying them this right is no different than telling a black or Hispanic couple that they cannot marry. This is one of their weaker arguments. My stance on this issue is that I believe that marriage between the same sexes should not be legalized. For centuries marriage has always been considered the union of one man and one woman and children should have the advantages of having a mother and a father not two mothers or two fathers living in the same household as husband and husband or wife and wife. I do not hold anything against people who are homosexuals but I do believe in God and the Bible and God had written in several passages that marriage is one woman and one man for life. I always use the example that God made Eve from Adams rib so that he would have a partner in life and that he did not make another Adam. For some this may not be logical to them but when I am discussing this issue it is the best way for me to convey how I feel. In today’s society this is an issue that will not be going away and whether you are for or against same sex marriages we need to take into consider all the facts and research more th e effect this will have on our future. Bohan, D. (2008, September 16). Family expert lays out argument against same-sex marriage. Minnesota Family Council / Minnesota Family Institute . Dobson, D. J. (2004). Marriage Under Fire. Multnomah Books. Holy Bible Matthew 19:6 Good Will Publishers, Inc. (1990). Holy Bible Matthew 19:6. J.G. Publishing Company. Messerli, J. (2008, December 28). Should Same-Sex Marriages be Legalized. Retrieved from Balanced Politics: balancedpolitics.org/same_sex_marriages.htm Sullivan, A. (1997). Same-Sex Marriage: Pron and Con. New York: Vintage Books. www.uua.org. (2008, november 3). Retrieved from Social Justice: uua.org/socialjustice/issues/bgltequality/marriageequality/27673.shtml Research Papers on Legalization of Same Sex MarriagesThe Broken FamilyBooker T. Washington, W.E.B. Du Bois, Ida B. Wells-BarnettThe Equal Rights AmendmentProbation OfficersThe Legal ProcessEmmett Till BiographyThe Story of Beatrix PotterAmerican Central Banking and OilGap Analysis: Lester ElectronicsSexually Transmitted Diseases

Foundation of Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Foundation of Management - Essay Example Specifically, culture is the personality of an organization around which the whole organization revolves. Therefore, it is necessary to make a fundamental criterion and embed these core values with the individuals/employees of the organization. Without its existence, the energy of all the members will dissipate in terms of plans, decisions, and operations. Over the past decade, the concept of organizational culture has gained significant importance and acceptance. It is considered as a way to understand human systems. Each element of culture can be viewed as an environmental condition that has a great impact on the entire system and its subsystems. Increased competition, mergers, acquisitions, alliances, advancements and diversification in various workforce departments have created an urgent need for strong organizational culture (Daft, 2008). Thus, the role of culture in organizational development cannot be overlooked. An accurate understanding of organizational culture will not onl y help in directing activities towards the productive manner but it will also avoid the destructive influence of those employees who are not committed and loyal to the goals of the organization. ... For instance, if the organization’s mission is to provide excellent customer services but the employees are not empowered with the authority to carry out the required responses or results then this discrepancy will lead to a major decline in the overall performance of the company (Alvesson, 2002). In this regard, it is the premise of this paper that in order for a business organization to be successful, culture is the most important notion, and management can put efforts to foster ‘right culture’ in the organization. In order to be SUCCESSFUL, Culture is the MOST IMPORTANT thing The concept of culture is described as how employees or members of any organization understand their world and their position in it (Alvesson, 2002). There are varieties of definitions attached to the world ‘culture’, most of them are widely in acceptance and they share the same aspects. Schein's defines organizational culture as "A pattern of shared basic assumptions that the group learned as it solved its problems that has worked well enough to be considered valid and is passed on to new members as the correct way to perceive, think, and feel in relation to those problems" (Schein, pp. 30-39, 2010). In simpler terms, organizational culture includes a group of people who are trained to deal with a situation through guidelines or by those around them. It works like any other social learning process. One important aspect of organizational culture is that it is deeply rooted within its members. It creates the identity of the company and shapes the identity of its workers as well. This social identity is valuable in for company’s market position and an inherent conflict with the employees values can be a serious disadvantage. Due to this fact, companies transmit their values

Champion of the world by maya Angelou chapter 19 Essay

Champion of the world by maya Angelou chapter 19 - Essay Example Chapter 19 gives a full description of small southern town of Stamp residents who are present in Momma’s store. These people are fully engaged to the ongoing championship boxing in the radio. This fight is between Carnera, who is Caucasian and Joe Louis representing the African American. In the event of the fight, Louis almost loses the fight but at the end of the fight he manages to win the fight. The win for the world champion title triumphs both the fighter and the whole race. In this respect, there is an indication that people can be united by a common belief or desires in the major events like this one. The fully crouched bodies in the store listening attentively to the prize fight indicate the coincidental placing of individuals with a common goal (Angelou 133). The reason behind the occurrence of the story is to create hope. The strong hope is then shaken when Louis indicates a sign of losing. Despair is uttered by the abrupt switch of confidence and hope. The author also uses the story to induce a sense of desperation where he points the fear of retreating to slavery for the African American people in the case of Joe losing the fight (Angelou 135). Another factor contributing to the happening of the story is the induction of the mood of greatness after the depression point uplift. In the story, Angelou plans the story events to empower rejoice mood in contrast with the desperation mood. The whole chapter narrates a story in the target for the deliverance theme immediately after the change of scene from the cool air in the night (Dungy and Whitaker 76). The story unfolds at the store full of people keenly listening to the main fight for Joe Louis on the radio. Joe is fighting the white man hence wins majority of the supporters in the store due to the black identity. Joe’s victory determines many factors amongst the black race. In accordance to the African American, Louis win gives supporters a

CritiqueCitations writings Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

CritiqueCitations writings - Essay Example These characteristics are complementary rather than divisive. Narrow definitions can be misleading, too particularly focused missions can be self-defeating, and neglect for the bigger picture can result in disastrous consequences. In the modern era, despite occasional protests to the contrary, leadership is best demonstrated in terms of flexibility, ethical behavior, perseverance, and a consideration for the effects of every decision and course of action. This essay will set forth a definition which encapsulates the innate qualities of leadership as envisioned by Badaracco, incorporate notions of ethics into the larger conceptual framework of leadership, examine the idea that leaders ought to be concerned with the welfare of others, and agree with the proposition that organizations are fluid rather than static creatures. Whether leaders are made or born is perhaps a tangential and irrelevant consideration; innate characteristics, whether hormonal or environmentally-instilled, must give way to a more individualistic analysis. Leadership, to be sure, is measured both objectively and subjectively. However one measures leadership, the fact is that some leaders excel and achieve goals; others, just as surely, fail to accomplish the goals set by themselves and the targets set by other concerned individuals and organizations. There is a persuasive school of thought, a very real theoretical underpinning in the field of leadership, which attempts to link successful leadership and motivation causally. This school thought is represented by commentators like Badaracco, whom has stated that Only people driven by strong motives are likely to make real progress in a world that is often an unpredictable and confusing place, in which trust is fragile and lots of people play for keeps. Merely thinking that something should be done is not enough. Quiet leaders want to act responsibly and ethically, but to do so they usually have to persevere and improvise, often over long periods. To have any hope of achieving their aims, their motives have to be good enough and strong enough" (2002: 42). There is, in Badaracco's view, a need to identify choices, to consider options pursuant to certain guiding motives or values, and to commit to courses of action in a prolonged and committed fashion. This suggestion, the need to commit to a course of action, is increasingly difficult in a world characterized by imperfect information, conflicting philosophies, and frequent dishonesty. Indeed, as stated by Aditya and House, this often places the role of leadership into the risk-taking arena (1997: 412). Leaders must, in short, be confident enough, have strong enough goals and motives, and be willing to steer their organization through challenging obstacles. This risk-taking relates well to Badaracco's advice; more specifically, goals must be both legitimate and pursued with vigor if they are to be attained in the modern era. 1.2 The Significance of Ethics and Fundamental Values More than ever before, there are leaders, scholars, and commentators whom advocate an incorporation of a fundamental set of values and an ethical framework for guiding leadership decisions. The incorporation of these value-based components is not universally accepted, but the trend is clearly

The public sector and tourism

The public sector and tourism But are governments important to tourism, and how do they become involved with tourism management? What are the effects on tourism-has it led to success or failure? Governments and tourism-Tourism needs favourable conditions to thrive-these are stability and security,a sound legal structure with provision of vital services and necessary infrastructure(the roads,water supplies,a favourable environment.)All these the State is able to provide.It is the government who has the influence and political clout for decisions and course direction.The degree of involvement and commitment are most important here.These two factors exist with varying degrees of effect within each country on the globe.PSM or public sector management involves action implementation and policy direction through the government.The principles of accountability on behalf of the public having the necessary support of the legal framework and political system prevailing. Why governments intervene in the tourism sector-First and foremost if there is no monitoring of tourism activity there could occur sudden deterioration of the environment with consequences to the local population.Both facilities and infrastructure as supplied by government contribute as enabling factors with positive benefits of the populations well-being and provision of increased tax revenue.Jobs, also a very important issue are thereby able to be created.See Guide for Local Authorities on Developing Sustainable Tourism WTO(1998:29).Much of the developing world has embraced the immediate benefits to its economy by the pursuit of such investment.Critics would point out the potential for damage by alteration of the localitys social and cultural fabric.There are also leakages whereby the revenue generated is not experienced by the locality it gets diverted elsewhere to overseas investors with a stream of cheap labour coming in to fill potential seasonal employment occupancies for the locals. Politics tend to deal in wider frameworks and this is not alwaysin the best interests of the people.The Franco regime of the 60s utilised tourism for political acceptability.France has always sought to the position of the welfare state on behalf of the poorer members of its society.It is similar to recreational tourism most evident in the Soviet era where cultivation of a workers climate is applicable to the spas,resorts and holiday camps.The government of the UK expounded the potential of the tourism industry for being able to accommodate to large numbers of unemployed during the 1980s when unemployment was at a high level.A transnational body such as the EU has consistently supported financial aid for the creation of infrastructure in the outlying regions of the world.Aid is rendered by the more wealthy nations to those who are impoverished to generate immediate recovery and wealth the Pacific Islands being a case in point. Government intervention and tourism performance-The tourism industry is a very complex category and requires proper coordination   encouraged to achieve positive results.It is pointed out that with extensive government involvement there is inevitable bureaucratic regulation and stiflement this deterring would-be investment from the private sector.Government intervention is necessary where there is present seasonal dependency and the local economy cannot be kept running all year round. The political complexion of local councils is very variable interest in tourism is likely to wax and wane.Government is concerned with obtaining as much quality statistical data as it is able so as to understand how these local economies function and so be able to assist more effectively but still is a very fragmented process.Resolve of conflict directly concerns government intervention;and similar to politics is concerns a balancing strategy between the tourism industry and disenchanted opposition more often than not the local residents themselves. Strategic objectives are more likely to be pursued by government Jeffries(2001) has pinpointed two viewpoints.Firstly redeployment of tourist visitors taking into account the seasonal variation patterns and secondly geographical redeployment in steering tourism flows elsewhere.It is argued for the first strategm that extension of the tourist season with an improved range of visitor and domestic attractions offered during the low season there will automatically occur increased business interest and therefore activity.Employment growth might well occur rather than sustaining a low seasonal level.The second strategm concerns direct intervention and an example of this would be the Languedoc-Rousillon coastal region to the south of Montpellier.A certain number of bespaces were guaranteed for the resort area and improved throughout the 70s and 80s.In this case regional development has occurred to assist an undeveloped region. Locally in the UK the saturation effects experienced from an influx of tourism has prompted definitive measures to contain it;examples of this would be Stratford-upon-Avon,Cambridge with York and Canterbury

Chlorine Essay -- essays research papers fc

Chlorine Chlorine is (at room temperature) a greenish-yellow gas that can be readily liquefied at 5170 Tarr or 6.8 atmospheres, at 20 C (68 F), and has a very disagreeable odor. It’s Element Symbol is Cl, atomic number is 17, and atomic mass is 35.453. Chlorine’s melting point is -101 C or 149.8 F. The boiling point is -34.05 C or -29.29 F, at one atmosphere pressure. Chlorine is a member of the halogen group. Chlorine was discovered by Swedish scientist Karl Wilhelm in 1784, but he first thought it was a compound, rather than an element. In 1810, Sir Humphrey Davy named it Chlorine, from the Greek word meaning "greenish-yellow". Chlorine is used in bleaching agents, disinfectants, monomers (plastics), solvents, and pesticides. It is also used for bleaching paper pulp and other organic materials, preparing bromine, (a poisonous element that at room temperature is a dark, reddish-brown), tetraethyl lead, and killing germs in water, particularly in swimming pools and hot tubs. Like every member of the halogen group, chlorine has a tendency to gain one electron and become a chloride ion. Chlorine strongly reacts with metals to form mostly water-soluble chlorides. Chlorine also strongly reacts with nonmetals such as sulfur, phosphorus, and other halogens. If you were to mix hydrogen and chlorine gases and keep them in a cool dark place, the mixture would be stable, but if it were exposed to sunlight, it wo...

Nurse symbolises Essay

In contrast to these three characters, the next characters show the opposition facing the accusations. Firstly I will discuss the protagonist of the play – John Proctor, whom I have already mentioned. Proctor is a steady man, in whose presence â€Å"a fool felt his foolishness instantly†. He is described as â€Å"a man in his prime, with a quiet confidence, and an unexpressed, hidden force†, which reveals his nature to the reader. Despite his affair with Abigail that becomes the source of the accusations, the reader feels sympathy towards him due to his preference of rationality over the supernatural, and his modern quality in his logic and his willingness for a better life for future generations. The Nurses, particularly Rebecca Nurse, are represented as near saints who rely upon practical wisdom and experience. Miller reveals that the Nurses have held a grudge against the Putnams both over land, and also over Putnam’s wanted man in the ministry. Rebecca Nurse symbolises the good in the community although this does not affect Putnam’s motivations and the accusations that are made. The last character is Giles Corey. He is a man who â€Å"didn’t give a hoot for public opinion†, but is able to oppose Putnam and Parris due to his contentious, and combative manner. Finally, there is the Reverend John Hale, who approaches religious matters with the conviction of a scientist. He holds the belief that they cannot rely upon superstition to solve the girls’ problems but they may find a supernatural explanation for the events. Although he does not side with anyone, he is wrapped up in the hysteria that has been created, and evokes further paranoia. He shows the essence of the conflict of religion and superstition that is at the foreground in ‘The Crucible’. The First Act of ‘The Crucible’ shows several significant themes that continue during the play. I think that one of the most important themes is the ability for accusations to snowball, gaining pace and involving others that were in the background. An early example of this is the charges against the girls and Tituba. At first they are accused of simply dancing, then of dancing naked. These accusations proceed until Tituba is deemed a witch, and others are accused of Satanism. Another important theme is the shift of blame from one character to another. This is largely due to the minority of people willing to accept the consequences of their actions. The ability of characters to choose whichever position suits their self-interest is encompassed in the First Act largely with Abigail, who uses everything for her own purpose. As I mentioned during my introduction, the play is aptly named ‘The Crucible’, which serves as an instrument in which tensions reach a climax under the cloud of accusations. In Act Three, Danforth refers to the title in saying â€Å"We burn a hot fire here; it melts down all concealment†. This is true in the sense that all the motives of the characters are revealed, but these have to be firstly explained, and this occurs in Act One. Miller uses imagery and language to add to the tensions and conflicts encountered in the First Act. He uses double negatives as a way to emphasise and also to set the play in the right period of history. Miller uses such imagery as â€Å"sweated like a stallion†: an image taken straight from the farm to reflect the themes and set the period. Miller writes that Abigail states that â€Å"Let either of you breath a word †¦ sun go down†. This quote contains very powerful language and gives a sense of the harshness of the atmosphere that they lived in. After Act One, the accusations spiral out of control with countless others being accused including Elizabeth Proctor, Rebecca Nurse, and John Proctor himself. The mass hysteria reaches a climax with the accused being hanged after refusing to confess to a sin that they did not do. Reverend John Hale sides with Proctor and says that these accusations are not based upon anything, just personal vendettas. In conclusion, Arthur Miller uses the First Act of ‘The Crucible’ as a strong foundation for the mass hysteria and the intensity of the paranoia that follows in the play. The themes of the play need to be sown into the play quickly and effectively so as to ensure the quick rise of tension. The main issue throughout the play of the conflict of religion and superstition is involved straight away and Miller establishes the stem of all the accusations of Abigail’s affair with Proctor quickly, as well as giving an insight into the motivations of the other characters. Miller establishes the characteristics of the Salem community that make it so receptive to the witch hunt and how accusations can ignite fears and panic which can seize a town to such a great extent. ‘The Crucible’, thought of as an allegory to the McCarthyism that gripped America is elaborately constructed to illustrate how fear and hysteria mixed with an atmosphere of persecution may lead to tragically unjust consequences. The seeds of future conflict are intricately sown in the first Act to provide ‘The Crucible’ with a solid base on which the accusations raise the tension and conflict to such extreme heights and where characters are wrapped up in the hysteria that make the play so compelling. All the important themes are encompassed during the first Act, such as the shifting of blame, and the conflicts of characters, that allow the rest of the play to spiral out of all proportions permitting ‘The Crucible’ to be so powerful and utterly riveting.

actual Literature Review Essay

actual Literature Review Essay actual Literature Review Essay Chapter 2 Literature Review 2.1 Introduction In United Kingdom, for the past few years the UK’s population is expanding and becoming more diverse. The population of the UK has grown to 64.1 million in the mid 2013). Since 2001 the UK’s population has increased by around 5 million (Office for National Statistics, 2014). As well as this, according to Migration watch, Net Migration to the UK in the year ending March 2014 was 243,000 (Green, 2014), this could be one of the reasons the UK’s increase in its population. In this chapter, there will be an exploration on how the UK’s ever growing multicultural society can help assist the needs of young children who come from diverse backgrounds, with the use of more technology in settings being one of them. There will be a particular focus on children with English as an additional language (EAL), as over the past few years due to the increase in migration in the UK there has also been an increase of EAL children in nurseries and schools. There are more than a million children between 5–16 years old in UK schools who speak in excess of 360 languages between them in addition to English. Currently there are a 1,061,010 bilingual 5-16 year olds in English schools (NALDIC, 2014). 2.2 Historical Context According to educators, it was at around the 1950s Britain in which they started to see signs of diversity in Nurseries and schools in Britain. It was at that time people from around the world were migrating to the UK (Hatt and Issa, 2013). Migrants began to emerge from 1950s to 1960s from organizations such as the association of teachers of pupils from overseas (ATEPO), the British Caribbean society and national committee for commonwealth immigrants (Plowden report, 1967). These new arrivals were needed due to the expansion of the British economy which resulted to the demand for unskilled and semi-skilled workers for example London transport, British rail and underground as well as mass production lines (Hatt and Issa, 2013). The recruitment of these arrivals were where cheap labour was available. The history of the UK illustrates that it is indeed a ‘growing diverse population’. During the eleventh century there was the arrival of the Norman French and also in the eigh teenth century there was the installation of the German Hanoverian monarchy (Issa, 2013). Even way back in 54-5BCE was when the Romans invaded England and also other settlers (winder, 2004). So it’s evident that the UK has constantly been able to handle new arrivals, which enabled this country to modify it language due to the influences of other cultures (winder, 2004). Due to Britain’s evolving multicultural society, a focus on language began to stem up from educators and the government. This resulted in the publication of ‘English for immigrants in 1963’ (Rattansi 1992, cited in smith, 2003). This publication stated that schools should face the issues of integrating immigrants into the education system, by schools finding more on child’s culture and should ensure they support child in dealing with new unfamiliar experiences whilst teaching child English (Ministry of education, 1963). There was also further concerns raised in regards to the rate of migration at the time. These concerns were on the presence of immigrant population not causing any type of disturbance to the white British pupil’s education (Rattansi 1992, cited in smith, 2003). 2.3 The inclusion of Migrants in the UK Following on from the early governments approach to assimilation this is where inclusion began to come underway. Inclusion plays a big role in one of the ways in how the UK deal with how rapidly British society is becoming more multicultural due to migration. According to the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO, 2014) inclusion is defined to be the removal of all barriers, participation and overcoming all forms of exclusion within education. However, researchers Jenny Corbett and Roger Slee’s

5 Traits of People Who Always Get Promoted at Work

5 Traits of People Who Always Get Promoted at Work Ever feel like you’re doing all the right things, but watching everyone around you advance while you’re still stuck spinning your wheels? Here are 5 things that successful people- you know, the ones getting all of those promotions every year- seem to have in common.1. They Have a StrategyRather than continuing to apply blindly up the ladder, highly successful (and highly promoted) people tend toward a more strategic approach. They choose jobs not based on simply getting to the next rung up, but on their particular strengths. And they have their next move already in mind. They figure out what their next job should be before applying to a new one. That way they’re always thinking about the skills and experiences they should be building now to move seamlessly towards their next position.2. They Say NoYou may think that you need to say â€Å"yes† to every proposed project in order to get ahead, but that’s not true. Truly successful people (even Warren B uffett) know that picking their projects and their battles- and prioritizing what they need to do to end up where they need to be- is the better strategy. They’re ruthless and discriminating in their choices.3. They Know How to Handle The BossSuccessful people realize their bosses hold the key to their advancement. If a boss is getting in the way, they find a way around it. They work their bosses, using â€Å"we† language and getting involved in what matters most to the person in charge of their next career steps. They challenge their bosses and gain their respect. Consequently, their bosses know when to promote them.4. They Keep Proof of Their SuccessesSuccessful professionals know they need hardcore proof that they are capable for their next job. They’re always strategizing how to work on projects that will impress their next boss as much as their current one. They don’t rest on their laurels or pursue extraneous education. They just build up a laundry list of proof that shows they are ready to take things to the next level.5. They Make an ImpressionThe most successful people understand that, in order to get anywhere in office life, they have to build influence. This doesn’t mean backstabbing or politicking. It just means: comporting themselves with integrity, honesty, and professionalism. They build relationships with the people and institutions that can make a lasting difference in their careers.

Social responsibility Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Social responsibility - Research Paper Example Usually social responsibility measures are assigned to a small group or an individual, often within the human resources management department. Employees tasked to carry out this responsibility have to focus on social subject matters in three primary domains (Anderson 15): 1. Total compliance with international, federal, state, and local legislative laws and acts; 2. Moral and ethical standards and procedures under which the firm will operate; and 3. Philanthropic giving Most business organizations face challenges in developing and implementing socially responsible measures. Still, all businesses should consider and participate in this area. To function without serious losses or disruptions, a business should always fulfill their legal obligations. It should formulate, execute, and monitor moral and ethical guidelines for all members of the organization. In the philanthropic domain, where there is greater freedom of activities in where, when, and how the company should plan about and resolve numerous issues before creating just and practical course of action (Clegg & Rhodes 57). With more involved citizens and government, social responsibility has continued to receive much attention and popularity over the recent years (McShane & Steen 105). Social responsibility will keep on demanding more effort, time, and resources. Skilled and diverse management is needed in all the domains of social responsibility. Businesses, the government, and society should team up more strongly in the future if major developments are to be achieved in the area of social responsibility. What is Social Responsibility? The concept of corporate social responsibility (CSR) is usually associated with related concepts like stakeholder management, corporate social responsiveness, and corporate citizenship. All these concepts refer to a company’s responsibilities outside its main purpose that involves generating a profit (Blackburn, Doran, & Shrader 195). A primary reason for the multifa ceted nature of CSR is that it binds society and business. It requires no extensive study to understand the different debates over social responsibility occurring across society. Two major concepts appear to be vital to the understanding of social responsibility, namely sustainability and responsibility (Clegg & Rhodes 53). Sustainability is a standard concept on the external and internal environment as regards intangible and tangible resources. Intangible resources, such as skills and knowledge, must be recognized and developed. Tangible resources, such as oil and raw materials, should be utilized with precise care and, preferably, substituted by alternatives and reused (Anderson 18-20). It is in the interest of the company to thoroughly care for the pooled intangible and tangible resources and to manifest this in its operations. On the other hand, responsibility today implies not just economic, but also environmental and social responsibility. Companies are persuaded to surpass th e economic perspective and consider a broader framework. This challenge may be viewed as indirect or direct societal demands to integrate environmental and social principles into business activities (Anderson 24). In recent times, it has become somewhat widespread to define this responsibility as CSR.

Operations Management in Practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Operations Management in Practice - Essay Example Psycho sports did not have any automated system to record the number of purchases being made and when they are used and how much stock is maintained in the inventory. As sales were increases and the buyers now included large retail stores, it was becoming increasingly important for psycho sports to keep track of the production in order to meet the demands in a timely fashion. Peter found it difficult to get all the information as the structure was entirely disintegrated and manual. There was no system that recorded the information and there was no single worker that managed the entire inventory levels and kept the information in an integrated form. There was no central database or system that held and updated all the information regarding the inventory levels of different parts. The data was all decentralized and with different workers responsible for different parts who were more often than not, unaware of the inventory levels. Furthermore, the purchasing was also manual, hence, the re was no record of the number of item that were purchased and used. Exercise 1 (a) Draw a single level bill of material for each level of assembly; Face assembly Item no. Quantity 6511 Rubber Face 2 2547 Wooden Inner 1 8561 Foam Panel 2 Handle Assembly Item no. Quantity 1821 Handle 1 9110 Nail 2 (b) Complete indented bills of material Item no. Quantity Quantity 0499 1821 9110 Handle Assembly Handle Nail 1 1 2 7754 Shaft 1 0955 Connector 1 9110 Nail 4 8744 Rivet 4 0772 6551 2547 8561 Face Assembly Rubber Face Wooden Inner Foam Panel 1 2 1 2 Exercise 2 Create the materials requirements planning record for each part and sub-assembly of the bat Bat Lead Time: 2 weeks 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Gross Requirement Planned Receipts On hand Planned Orders

ASSIGNMENT 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

ASSIGNMENT 2 - Essay Example Inventions are integral in peoples’ lives as they assist in making work and life easier. In the modern world, we disregard many things and do not concentrate to understand that most of today’s advances are based on past inventions. Such inventions have tremendously accelerated human progress and laid a concrete foundation for the basis of contemporary discoveries. The Chinese culture is one of the few worldwide cultures that can be credited for their immense contribution to the advancement of human progress. Among the Chinese inventions that I rate as the greatest of the ancient nation are gunpowder, tea, compass, paper, pasta, alcohol, wheelbarrow, kites, seismograph and printing (Challen, 2005). These inventions are among those that I rate in top ten as they are offering significant contributions and influence in the modern world. Question 2: I believe that the following four ingenious inventions are among the best innovative forms, to arise from the ancient Chinese p opulations. Gunpowder is one of the legendary Chinese inventions, the compass which is an integral directional component, tea which is a worldwide beverage and alcohol which is a prominent social drink. Although all the mentioned ten inventions are significant to society, these four inventions stand out because of their daily importance in people’s lives, both at work or at home. Question 3: The four inventions that I nominated from the selected ancient Chinese inventions are integral because of their useful contributions’ and relevance in the modern world. Gunpowder Arguably, the most recognized ingenious Chinese invention, gunpowder was accidentally invented by alchemists who were searching for a concoction to achieve human immortality (Challen, 2005). Contrary to what the alchemists wanted to obtain, which is human immortality, they ironically ended up achieving quite the opposite, an invention that could easily kill. First gunpowder was created from a mixture of sa ltpeter, sulfur and charcoal and was considered as the most significant military technique compiled by Zeng Goliang. It was used to create gunpowder explosions, which were also used for the fireworks. The Chinese used gunpowder as indicator flames and firecrackers prior to proposing it for the military use in elementary grenades. With time, the gunpowder technology spread to the other parts of the world, especially the Europe. It was used during the Mongol war. The Europeans used the gunpowder in cannons (Clark, 2012). Although the Chinese possessed early knowledge of explosives, as well as the rules of their application, they did not practice weaponry expansion to the extent which the Western nations reached. The Europeans ironically managed to overpower the Chinese by using cannons with gunpowder that were invented by the Chinese. In the modern world, gunpowder is used by the government forces to fight criminals and terrorists, to ensure the safety of the population (Diamond, 2007 ). Gunpowder is used in bullets which is a lethal weapon that can kill in an instant. The Compass It sometimes leaves me to wonder, where the world could be, if there was no compass. The compass ensures that we are always headed to the right direction and that people do not get lost. This is one of the inventions that the Chinese have helped in the world development. The Chinese produced the compass to

Global Warming Poses Threat to Ski Resorts in USA Essay Example for Free

Global Warming Poses Threat to Ski Resorts in USA Essay The American west is marvellous, it is large with grand landscapes and mountains reaching to the sky . The plains unfold to the horizon and the vistas present an unimaginable panorama. Just like any where else in the world, water is an essential element to life here but it is scarce hence creating the wests vulnerability. Precipitation is generally low and cannot support agriculture it is for this reason that agriculture is only possible through irrigation. This precipitation is not only scarce but scarcest in the summers when it is mostly needed but falls disproportionately and mostly in the mountains in the winter. The only saving grace is that in winter it precipitates as snow and stays as snow packs throughout the winter. It is on the basis of these weather patterns that the winter sports tourism is established. This industry has served as the main economic driving machine of the west and other other areas for decades. However, changing climatic patterns and global warming has emerged as a serious threat to the existence of the winter sports industry. Projected increases in average global temperatures due to increases in green house gases in the atmosphere has been incriminated in widespread glacial and white cap decreases, ocean level rise and warming but most importantly in the reduction of snow cover and the decrease in the duration of winter tourism. The unpredictability of the future and the climate sensitive nature of winter sports tourism has led to many initiative aimed curbing the increase in green house gases and consequently making snow available. Introduction Compelling evidence suggests that global climate has been on a progressive change since the industrial era and is projected to continue over the 21st century and beyond. Global warming and climate change is an unequivocal phenomenon. Global mean temperature has been on the increase with an approximate increase of 0. 760 C between 1850-1899. the same increase has been found between 2001 and 2005. This means that global predictions of temperature bear a 90% probability (IPPC. Climate Change and Tourism, 2007). These increases in average temperatures are a direct result of human activities that increase the concentrations of green house gases in the atmosphere. The extent of these discernible human influences have also extended to other climate change aspects such as temperature extremes, changes in wind patterns, continental average temperatures and ocean warming. The same is applicable to the widespread glacial and white cap decreases coupled with warming of the ocean surface temperatures, the result is a sea level rise of approximately 1. 8mm yearly from 1961-2003 and approximately 3. 1mm yearly from 1993-2003. The resultant effect of biological response in ecosystems and species diversity presents an unpleasant scenario and these statistics are recorded in virtually every continent. It is projected that the probability of increase in global temperatures will further accelerate green house gas emissions at the present or above the present rates. The prediction pushes overall global temperature rise by 1. 80C -4. 00C. Assuming that the atmospheric concentrations of green house gases are stabilized, the warming effect would still continue due to the levels of green house gases from past emissions and the consequent thermal inertia of oceans. The biological response would also be extrapolated to future centuries even if the levels are stabilized at the present concentrations today. The discernible manifestations worldwide will be hot temperature extremes, extreme heat waves, heavy precipitation, peak wind speeds and precipitation in tropical cyclone events and an additional heavy precipitation associated with increases in tropical sea and surface temperatures. Together with these climatic changes extra tropical storm tracks are projected to shift towards the poles. All these changes together with the decreases in show cover will continue into the future. The economic and environmental risks are unfathomable and would effectively impede nations strides towards the achievements of sustainable developments. However, there is hope that if precautions and measures are taken to reduce green house gases today the high costs of environmental and economic destruction and disruption can fairly be mitigated. This calls for lifestyle changes, economic policies and regulations and international efforts that not only help reduce the causative agents of climate change and global warming but also foster adaptation and mitigation measures to meet the challenges of climate change. Climate change and Tourism Climate change, especially global warming has grown to be a pivotal issue in the development and management of tourism. The relationship between the environment, climate and tourism sector is currently a highly sensitive economic matter. Climate change is increasingly driving tourism development and decision making, changing tourism destinations and even tourist tastes. Tourism sector remains a non negligible contributor to climatic changes. GHG emissions from transport and accommodation must be reduced in accordance with international standards. Tourism sector cannot address the challenges of climatic changes themselves and in isolation but they can only do this in the context of sustainable development and the broader international development agenda. Tourism and the sustainability of tourism destinations is dependent on climate variability. The length and the quality of seasons as well as destination choice and the level of tourist spending are all determined by climate change. Climate change and winter sports Winter sports constitute a very source of income and the reliability of snow is a key element in the touristic offer. Skiing and snowboarding are the most common forms of writer sports but others such as snow hiking and cross-country skiing also depends on the reliability and the availability of enough snow. Mountainous areas are always very sensitive to climate change hence less snow, melting permafrost, receding glaciers and extreme events such as landslides. Additionally climate change shift mountain fauna and flora. These effects pose a direct threat to ski resorts in the United States. Lower earnings in winter tourism will only serve to exacerbate economic disparities that exist between the alpine regions and the more developed urban areas. These changes will also increase the risk of only skiing at high altitude up the mountain. If this was to happen there would be an intense concentration of sports activities in certain regions as well as further putting pressure on the environmentally sensitive high mountains. The extrapolation of the effects of global warming on winter tourism extends to the viability of the mountain cable way companies that use the availability of snow as a prerequisite for their financial stability. Without snow or enough snow the profitability of the ski industry is impossible. The absence of snow in the mountains will be like having a summer without a sea. The variability of the winter season with response to climate change will deny the winter sports industry the right levels of snow at the right time. These forecasts are a necessity in planning for trips at shorter notices especially the weekends (Rolf Burki et al, 2003) Studies undertaken in Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Australia, Switzerland and the United States to establish the impact of climate change on the tourism sector show severe implications especially to the winter sports industry. While some regions with high technological advances like adaptation strategies (artificial snow making) will maintain their tourism, others unable to adapt the expensive technologies will lose out. These transitions in business volumes will not only be driven by limiting snow levels but also the fact that skiers respond flexibility to snow conditions. During a snow poor season, 49% of skies are most likely to change to a resort that is fairly more snow reliable, 32% would reduce the frequency of skiing and only 4% would give up the sport. Coupled together with the fact that climate change has a direct effect on the number of ski days, those unable to adapt to expensive technologies will be disadvantaged and pushed out of business. (Rolf Burki et al, 2003). Snow resorts not concentrated in snow reliable high altitude areas will be forced to withdraw from the market because of decreasing levels of snow. For transport industries that will offer access to high altitude areas (sometimes higher than 200m) business prospects will be good due an expected increase in skiing at the high altitudes. The effect of this will be quantitative expansion of the high altitude skiing resorts hence eliciting a negative environmentally feedback effect caused by disruption of the ecologically sensitive high altitude mountain regions. Presently, this expected expansion to high altitude areas has been the theme of many concept studies that influence the opening up of High Mountain (Breiling and Charamza, 1999) It is for these effects of climate change that during a recent campaign in Portsmouth, N. H, Barrack Obama the Democratic Party presidential candidate reiterated that there is need to address the urgency of global warming on the ski industry. He said that global warming is not a future problem but a present one. This problem has made New Hampshire to have shorter sporting seasons and people are losing jobs. He further reiterated that residents of North America ski areas together with their customers should work hand in hand to change their energy spending. habits and resort to green technology if they were to prevent climate caused melt-downs (Laura Bly, 2007) Resorts have started investing in sustainable seafood practices, local food supplies, biodiesel powered snow cats and embracing the use of more energy efficient snow making equipment. To achieve this, campaigns on global warming and discounts are being offered to guests who come in hybrid cans. What is even more impressing is that resorts have taken the challenge of campaigning for these changes as well as acting as advocates for intergovernmental change. Effects of global warming have also been reported in Burlington Vt. The city is usually carpeted in December but unfortunately changing climatic conditions has created a mild situation where snowfall is meager just an inch thick. The temperatures are becoming warmer and fewer trails open. However, these fears have been allayed by the optimism of the meteorological department prediction that the season will progress as Christmas approaches. According to Michael Berry; president of the National ski Areas Association, the potential impacts winter recreation, the mountain ecosystem and the way of life of residents in these areas cannot be ignored. Global warming has a direct and profound effect on the ski business as it depends solely on the variability of weather. To drive this process of change, the association has adapted a policy to regulate and control climate change. The reduce, educate and advocate approach was adopted to help in the fight against global warming. Key in the policy is a call to ski resorts to work towards the reduction of green house gas emissions individually and collectively, educate the public and guests on the potential impacts of climate change to writer sports industry and be the advocate in pushing for institutional and regulatory changes aimed at curbing greenhouse gas emissions (Michael Berry, 2007). To this end almost half of the 59 ski resorts, who have purchased renewable energy credits or utilized green energy for their lifts and other facilities are 100% green powered hence reducing carbon dioxide emission by 427,596,000 pounds an equivalent of planting almost 17 million trees. Customers are encouraged to offset their emission and work towards increasing green energy use in their home. Generation of renewable energy through on site solar projects or micro hydro power projects and wind energy has greatly increased with Jimmy Peak Mountain Resort in Massachusetts installing the first wind turbine powered ski area in August 2007. Resort vehicle fleets are now using alternative fuels like biodiesel, they also provide or promote car pooling or mass transit use. Ski resorts are being built using green building techniques and retrofitting existing facilities all with the aim of saving energy. Though an outreach program called â€Å"Keep Winter cool† millions of people have been educated on global warming and encouraged to institute lifestyle changes to help curb global warming. Specific Impacts of Global Warming on Winter Tourism . Snow The financial viability and stability of the winter sports tourism industry solely depends on the availability of sufficient snow. Less snow pack is caused by higher average temperatures, on the other hand if there are extremely low temperatures at night then it follows that there is likely to be an average increase in daytime temperatures. In both cases the resultant effect is less mountain snow cover and a reduction in the duration of cover. (Stephen Saunders et al, 2005). This means that recreation will be shortened and the snow will be slushier. The big difference to earlier situation where snow cover was considerably reduced is that, the capital intensity of the winter sports tourism will be considerably high. When this is analyzed in the context of profits from ski dependent businesses, taxes from local and state governments, the financial prospects of industries in the winter tourism sector look bleak. However, the most important link between climate change and mountain tourism is less snow and, as a consequence, less earnings in ski tourism. Glaciers Statistics all over the world point to the fact that there is a general retreat of glacial cover all over the world. Taking Switzerland as an example, since 1850, the Swiss glaciers have lost slightly more than 25% of their surface. If this was to continue in the future, by 2030, approximately 20% to 70% of the total Swiss glacial cover will disappear. This is a real problem for the ski industry not only in Switzerland but across the world as ski tourists will resort to other countries with snow availability. The effect of this trend will be putting more pressure on the existing ski facilities as well as acting as an incentive for investment in high altitude areas. Permafrost Melting of permafrost due to global warming makes mountain areas vulnerable to landslides. Transport facilities such as the mountain cable way stations, the lift masts and buildings become instable. Them costs incurred in bracing and anchoring such buildings when permafrost melts are extremely high. Hiking and climbing in these areas is also made more dangerous hence the loss of revenue due to potential risk of injury like rockfall or other health outcomes. Despite of cries over decreases in snow levels in the future, there is a possibility of winters with heavy snow like that of 1998/1999 that brought a great deal of losses in the winter tourism industry. The avalanche winter destroyed mountain cable ways, ski-lifts and chair lifts. The expenses incurred on sow clearing and the overall loss incurred was in excess of US $ 130 million. Adaptations for the future ski industry should therefore inculcate these historical weather unpredictability patterns in improving the industrys financial viability. Adaptations and Strategies Used by the Tourism Industry to Mitigate Against the Impacts of Global Warming All tourism representatives at political,organizational, entrepreneurial or operational level have been in the forefront in pushing for adaptation strategies to curb climate change and help mitigate the potential effects of global warming. The experiences that project what is going to come in the future are prevalent today and is widely accepted that snow deficient conditions will determine whether winter tourism will remain a viable economic activity. To achieve this a multi sectoral framework that consists of the National Ski Areas Association(NSAA), Natural Resource Defense Council (NRDC), the federal government through the Senate Environment and Public Works, state stakeholders and other non governmental civil society organizations have developed a Climate Change policy aimed at reducing the concentrations of green house emissions. Ski resorts have been encouraged to adopt safe and efficient energy usage through the exploitation of renewable energy resources. It is this concerted effort in mitigating climate change challenges that also saw the support and endorsement of McCain/Lieberman Climate Stewardship Act to spearhead the fight against global warming. Specifically these attempts will help stabilize the US$ 5 billion mountain resort industry that currently offers employment to 165,000 people. Despite the existence of facts that predict radical effects in the industry, some argue that climate change issues are very exaggerated and politicized by science and the media. They argue that even though the effects could intensify problems in the industry, the majority of resorts in medium and high altitudes will be barely affected. Discussions should yield strategies that take into account the accuracy of statistical data disseminated on climate change and critically analyze the potential consequences. These issues should further be analyzed with reference to the global competition in the winter tourism sector. The facts that accrue from these forums should then be integrated in the construction of artificial snow flaking facilities, extend existing ski runs. Opening of high altitude ski resorts (2000-3000m)should be guided by the potential ecological effect. Climate change should not only be viewed as a negative challenge to winter tourism but also as a catalyst to drive radical structural adjustment and change. These developments should take into account the present risks and opportunities as well as foster development that is in line with the strive for environmental and socio economic sustainability. This will create a highly competitive market where customer preference is not only driven by snow availability but by the efficiency of service in some very high end but smaller less extensive resorts. Such top resorts will offer attractive offers for skiing tourists and hence reduce attention on expansive developments with less attractive offers. Artificial Snow making This is an ubiquitous strategy that is widely employed to mitigate the risk of climate change. Since its inception in 1953 at the Grossingers Resort in New York, it has grown to become the principle in the ski industry with an approximate 95% of the resorts engaged in the strategy. Its success has mainly been driven by its invaluable superior nature that offers a complete substitute to natural snow fall as well as making it possible to extend skiing durations(Daniel D. D. McGill, 2007). However, this technology is heavily dependent on temperature and is only effective in cases at low temperatures. Technological advances has seen the reduction of labor costs through the use of snow guns operated by computers. Snow making utilizes vast volumes of water and therefore the availability of water must be guaranteed for efficient blanketing of a large resort. Weather Derivatives. These are weather risk management tools structured to enable ski resorts make appropriate and informed decisions. They can be structured on snow fall temperature according to the customers specifications. Other factors that can be utilized to mitigate the effects of global warming include r4evenue diversification, cloud seeding and marketing to insulate the resorts against variability of weather by enabling them to maximumly capitalize when the weather is excellent. Conclusions Climate change and global warming remains will continue to remain key challenges in the winter tourism industry especially the ski resorts. Less snow, less glaciers and extreme weather events such as landslides are the key determinants of the future viability of ski resorts. Strategies instituted to meet the challenges of climatic change and mitigate the impacts of global warming can never be successful if implemented in isolation. It is commendable fact that the skiing industry has adopted sustainable building techniques,inculcated green principles and technology in their operations among others. These precedents are admirable but we have to admit that when taken in the global context, these measures do very little in stemming the worrying tide of global warming whose effects are felt indiscriminately. Global warming is a worldwide problem and therefore all the measures undertaken by the tourism industry must be in line with national and international guidelines that aim at reducing greenhouse gas emissions. In the future, tourist developments will not only be evaluated and judged with respect to their environmental or socio-economic compatibility and viability but they will also be assessed with respect to the climate-compatibility angle.